Cousin Kate by Christina Rosetti and The Choosing by Liz Lochhead Essay

Cousin Kate by Christina Rosetti/The Choosing by Liz Lochhead Cousin Kate is a sonnet, written in the Victorian occasions by a lady called Christina Rosetti. Christina was a strict lady, she needed in the long run to be a religious recluse, and she accomplished willful work at a London change home for youthful whores. The sonnet is about a youthful bungalow lady who begins to look all starry eyed at a ruler. The ruler changed her like a glove, this proposes the master could get anybody he needed. The story is about a bungalow lady who begins to look all starry eyed at a ruler, he commends her and treats her like a sovereign. The ruler at that point goes gaga for the cabin lady's (cousin Kate). They get hitched, the main issue is Kate can't have kids what's more, the ruler will require a child to assume control over his job of master. However I've a blessing you lack when the bungalow lady says this she implies her kid, she has a child to the ruler. She was not hitched to the master at the point when they were having a sexual relationship so she apparently is unclean. The neighbors call you great and unadulterated, consider me a pariah thing this citation s...

Introduction And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Essay Example

Presentation And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Example Presentation And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Presentation And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Residential power is one of the boss cultural issues, which have genuine and pessimistic effect on people, families, and society, household power has gotten incredible going to in late mature ages ( Newbold, 2000 ) . Preceding 1970, constabulary was reluctant to step in local distinction on account of the conventional and social accepts about family unit relationship. There was an interest of a superior arrangement to neckline the transgressor and back up the casualty to encounter safe. In 1987 New Zealand constabularies received a progressively positive assault while covering with local power, called Pro-Arrest arrangement. Under Pro-Arrest strategy, casualties are furnished with suitable and auspicious help and transgressors are captured without a conventional sickness. New Zealand constabulary executed this approach and some other significant inquires about and factors played of import work in the contriving of this arrangement. Social strategy is a cultural understanding for commonplace life. In spite of the fact that the employments of unremarkable existence of an individual are viewed as an individual activity, these commonplace issues are the segment of a cultural approach. Various individuals may hold various employments and issues, when an issue is recognized as an issue of regular worry than individuals look for a typical cultural answer for it. A program of activity is created to work out the normal issue and have an approach proposition, and when this proposition is embraced by a specialists segment it is called strategy. At the point when the program of activity is about personal satisfaction than it is called cultural approach ( Dalton et al 1996 ) . Savagery alludes to practices that wounds and causes individual to feel apprehensive. One explicit sort of power is residential power. During the pilgrim time frame, Maori kids were rebuffed and beaten for talking their ain semantic correspondence this may hold built up a thought in Maori male that larning can just be made by pounding ( Marshall A ; Marshall, 1997 ) . Master Apprehension Policy Household power has become a commonplace basic issue and as the impacts of the disappointment of old assaults of constabulary towards local power, Pro Arrest strategy came in to presence in 1987. Police was moving as go-between in the situation of emergency and concentrated on rapprochement of the life partners and maintain a strategic distance from the misgiving of aggressor if conceivable. Foremost to Pro-Arrest approach, grown-up females were non doing formal sickness against their derogatory life partner since they were non ready to bear the cost of equivalent help for them and their children and did non want to go forward their slanderous mates. At a similar clasp constabulary was non holding bounty cognizance about the help accessible for the casualty in the network ( Newbold A ; Cross 2008 ) . Why Pro-Arrest Policy is a cultural approach ( Definition ) Approaches can be portrayed as a demonstration, or statute of the parliament which can be in the signifier of papers or declaration and which require a few activities for the prosperity of the individuals are cultural strategies ( Duncan, 2007 ) . Social approach is a part of a masses strategy which is arranged and moves are made to better and run into human requests, for example, guidance, health, dwelling and cultural security and keeping up of better life conditions for the individuals. To keep the prosperity of the family and to flexibly cultural security to the casualty there was an interest of an equivalent cultural approach. Expert trepidation arrangement is a bit of cultural strategy since it was acquainted with ensure and flexibly backing to the survivor of the power through network agencies, and nabbing the miscreant without the conventional disease. Ace misgiving approach was presented by New Zealand constabularies, which has straight influenced the individuals. Star worry approach made significant adjustments in the old assaults, which notwithstanding: all residential contrast infirmities were formally recorded blending to the material offenses and endeavors were made to set offended parties in contact with cultural help agencies for progressing support. The strategy educated that a transgressor be captured where there was adequate grounds and that the casualty did non hold to do an official disease ( Pro-capture arrangement a writing reappraisal, 2006 ) . Intrigue Groups Police personals are on the cutting edge to cover with residential power, New Zealand constabulary was one of the organizations intrigued to explain another assault towards family unit power. In 1985 a family power gathering was held at the Royal New Zealand Police College to go to methods of holding an alternate assault to local power. Sergeant Greg Ford of New Zealand constabularies introduced an investigation portraying his review excursion to the United States and presented Pro-Arrest arrangement at meeting. Family power bar coordination commission was built up to glance further in to the Pro-Arrest arrangement. The Department of Child Youth and Family ( CYFS ) is another association bunch in the strategy of explaining the Pro-Arrest arrangement. CYFS characterize the local power as a cultural and condemnable activity that can result in the perish or inability of its casualty. Family power speaks to a genuine abuse of intensity inside the family unit ( Child Youth and Family, 2001 ) . Branch of Social open help perceived the interest of an alternate assault towards residential power where a child can be ensured by an early mediation. Wellbeing administration providers are the significant inclusion bunch in the planning of the Pro-Arrest arrangement. New Zealand health administrations are overburdened by the figure of the administration clients. The expanded figure of the household power was expanding the work trouble on the administrations and affecting on the nature of the administrations. The long holding up list at Emergency area and for major and minor mediation or medical procedures is the delineations of employment looked by Hospital and patients. Contentions At the Family power gathering held by New Zealand constabularies in 1985, the customary assault was portrayed as non-contribution or hesitant intervention by greater part of constabulary areas. At the confrence Sergeant Greg Ford of New Zealand constabularies put his contended towards the interest of a modification in theory and assault . Portage s study contended that the Pro-Arrest strategy is now been received by different states including Britain and USA, and it is progressing in the direction of cut bringing down the figure of family power occurrences ( Family power and master anxiety arrangement a writing reappraisal 2006/2 ) . Household power takes numerous signifiers of disparaging practices utilized by guilty parties and is the constitution of control and alarm in an adult relationship. Youngsters, who see, hear or are conscious of household power, they would say negative formative, enthusiastic, mental and social impacts. Youngster open help agencies are liable for the consideration and insurance of the children by keeping up them safe from any injury or peril. Youngsters life in the family units where power is basic are at high peril of injury and abuse. Branch of Social open help perceived the interest of an alternate assault towards residential power where a child can be secured by an early mediation. New Zealand s Health consideration administrations are battling to cover with prisoner and individuals portraying at exigency area. Distinctive area of the clinics are holding long holding up rundown and patients are sitting tight for their intercession. Casualties of local power are including in to the Numberss of the patients previously sing the clinic and doing it all the more difficult to improve of their holding up list. It is of import to chop down the figure of residential power occurrences to gracefully conveniently intercession to the patients and chop down the heap on assets. The wellbeing sheets were intrigued for an increasingly useful and solid assault to order the household power. Tacticss Family Violence Prevention Coordinating Committee ( FVPCC ) was set up at the Family Violence Conference in 1985 to look Pro-Arrest reactions in more profundity. FVPCC, comprising specialists authorities and network organizations and was worked from the Department of Social Welfare. The commission proposed a coordination and issue between grouped authorities and areas the individuals who are engaged with aspects of family power, improvement of an interagency assault to family unit power. Sergeant Greg Ford s study was showing towards the interest of an adjustment in reasoning and assault , these modifications included: all residential distinction diseases were formally recorded. Changing the cryptography of household contrasts blending to the pertinent offense. Endeavors were made to set offended parties in contact with cultural help departments so they could be given on-going help and fears were made in occurrences where a Prima facie offense was built up without the interest for an official sickness from the casualty ( Family power and the genius capture arrangement: a writing reappraisal, 2006 ) . Numerous survivors of family unit power would non arrive at the constabulary or some other department to do a proper disease against their pejorative life partner on account of specific obstructions, for example, cash, safe housing, health, joblessness. Wellbeing consideration providers are thus acceptable set to arraign in early assignment, backing and referral. Government agencies are reliant on presentment of abuse got from outside beginnings. Wellbeing consideration proficient has set a docket which incorporates referencing the patient to a specializer family power department, Police, lawyer and ( for under 17-year-olds ) , youngster assurance administration, for example, Child, Youth and Family, whenever required ( Family Violence Intervention Guidelines ) . The FVPCC understood that a change in dread arrangement altogether would non drastically chop down reoffending, and built up a mediation undert

How Modafinil Promotes Wakefulness

How Modafinil Promotes Wakefulness Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Print How Modafinil Promotes Wakefulness By Naveed Saleh, MD, MS twitter linkedin Naveed Saleh, MD, MS, is a medical writer and editor covering new treatments and trending health news. Learn about our editorial policy Naveed Saleh, MD, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 26, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 24, 2020 Photographer / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Modafinil, also known by its brand name Provigil, is a central nervous stimulant that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat daytime sleepiness in individuals who have conditions that include narcolepsy, shift work disorder, and sleepiness caused by medical conditions such as sleep apnea. However, it is also sometimes misused without a prescription. Plenty of people misuse cognitive-enhancing or psychostimulant drugs in a nonprescription capacity in order to increase productivity, combat fatigue, and help with intellectual challenges.  Although abuse of cognitive-enhancing drugs like amphetamine, methylphenidate, and modafinil is typically associated with university studentsâ€"an estimated 7 to 20% of U.S. college students have reported misusing the drugs. However, it is not uncommon for other groups of people misuse these drugs as well.  For example, 8.9% of surgeons surveyed in Germany reported the nonprescription use of cognitive-enhancing drugs. Modafinil is supposed to be less addictive than other psychostimulants like amphetamine, but some evidence suggests that dependence and abuse are possible.?? However, modafinil can cause some serious adverse effects and should be taken only when prescribed by a physician. What Is Modafinil? Modafinil is sometimes called a wakefulness-promoting agent.  Researchers believe that this drug works by increasing the synaptic availability of neurotransmitters like monoamines, catecholamines, dopamine, serotonin, adenosine, and noradrenaline. Modafinil affects the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala which are parts of the brain. Modafinil is a tablet taken by mouth usually once-a-day.?? Most people who work during the day take the drug in the morning on either a full or empty stomach. However, shift workers who take the drug to promote wakefulness take the drug before their shifts begin. What Does Modafinil Treat? Modafinil is used to treat problems with sleep, arousal, and wakefulness. Some conditions treated with modafinil include the following: NarcolepsyShift-work sleep disorderObstructive sleep apneaTraumatic brain injuryAdjuvant treatment of depressionADHDSedation due to medications Adverse Effects Modafinils most common adverse effects include the following: VomitingNauseaAgitationAnxiety Other adverse effects include the following: InsomniaDiarrheaConstipationSweatingHoarsenessDifficulty breathingChest painIrregular heartbeatHallucinationRashBlistersHivesSuicidal ideation (thoughts of suicide) Some of these adverse effects are scary and dangerous so be sure to contact your physician if you experience any of them. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Additionally, some of these adverse effects such as insomnia, restlessness, chest pain, nausea, and confusion may result from overdose with modafinil. If you suspect an overdose, call emergency services or contact a physician immediately. Contraindications   Modafinil isnt for everyone, and before your physician prescribes you this medication, you should inform her of the following: Allergy to modafinil or armodafinil (an enantiomer of modafinil)Antidepressant medications including SSRIs, TCAs, and benzodiazepinesAntiseizure medications like phenytoin and carbamazepineAntifungal medications like itraconazole and ketoconazoleIllicit drug misuse or dependenceVitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal supplements People who have unstable angina or recently had a heart attack shouldnt be given modafinil. Furthermore, its unclear the effect that modafinil has on the seizure threshold. Thus, modafinil should be used with caution in people with epilepsy and other seizure disorders. There are no long-term studies on the effects of modafinil on the brain. A physician must carefully consider whether to prescribe modafinil and weigh the benefit of its stimulant properties with potentially adverse effects. Although modafinil is probably less addictive than other stimulants like amphetamines and methylphenidate, it still can likely lead to dependence.   Please understand that every time a physician makes the decision to prescribe modafinil, this decision is patient specific. In other words, if youve prescribed modafinil or any other psychostimulant, this prescription is only for you. You shouldnt share or sell modafinilâ€"or any prescription drug for that matter.  Such diversion is harmful and illegal.   A Word From Verywell Modafinil can be effective for promoting wakefulness when taken as prescribed. Follow your doctors instructions. Do not take your medication in a larger dose, more frequently, or for a longer period of time than you have been instructed to do by your doctor. This medication should also not be used as a substitute for adequate sleep. Continue maintaining good sleep habits and get enough rest each night while you are taking this medication. If you are still struggling to maintain wakefulness even when taking modafinil, talk to your doctor about your symptoms and treatment options.

Review Of Oedipus Rex - 1342 Words

Jake Gilman Modern Mythology Period 8 Fusaro Oedipus Rex Reading Questions What appears to be the function of the Chorus? - The chorus in Greek tragedies has a similar function to the narrator in various books and plays. It is an outside source that describes the actions of the characters, as well as their thoughts or feelings. Just like a narrator, the chorus can be used to foreshadow an upcoming event and provide more detail than what is said on stage. However, the most important function of the chorus is how it creates a bridge of understanding between the actors and the audience, allowing the whole plot to become clear to the audience. Explain how metaphorical blindness and literal blindness are demonstrating dramatic irony. - Sight is one element that is heavily stressed in the tragedy of Oedipus. In order to find the killer of king Laius, Oedipus had to ask the blind prophet of Apollo, Teiresias, for help. Throughout their discussion, Teiresias hints that Oedipus is actually the murderer of king Laius and that the prophecy came true. Even though Oedipus has perfect vision, he is blind not to see that the â€Å"robber† he killed on the way to Thebes was his father. Through this scene, the audience can see that Teiresias was only physically blind, and could see the prophecy the whole time. Metaphorically, Oedipus is blinded by his ignorance, making this scene ironic for a blind man to help a visual see. What does Teiresias imply when he refersShow MoreRelatedReview Of Oedipus Rex 1267 Words   |  6 Pageswhich means excessive pride toward or defiance of the gods. In Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Oedipus and his biological parents, Laius and Jocasta, were overcome by hubris and attempted to outsmart the gods,using what little knowledge is available to us humans, in an effort to escape their own fate. Along with hubris, Oedipus posses hamartia. Hamartia is a tragic flaw. In Oedipus’s case, his flaw is extreme pride and determination. Oedipus and Jocasta may seem to have been fated to certain tragedies,Read MoreOedipus in Sophocles Oedipus Rex and Young Colonel Sartoris Snopes in William Faulkners Barn Burning: A Comparative Analysis of Characters1034 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿When attempting to compare the characters and the lots of Oedipus in Oedipus Rex and Young Colonel Sartoris Snopes in William Faulkners Barn Burning, there are a number of immediate and salient points of similarity for one to consider. One of the principle points of similarities between these two is related to their personalities both male characters are prone to fits of action which they can only fully understand (if at all) in hindsight. Another is the fact that the quandaries they find themselvesRead MoreA Comparative Tragedy Study of Fatalism and Determinism: Oedipus Rex and Thunderstorm2489 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿A Comparative Tragedy Study of Fatalism and Determinism: Oedipus Rex and The Thunderstorm 1. INTRODUTION The Thunderstorm and Oedipus Rex, the representatives of Chinese and Greek play, both tell tragic stories about incest and unexpected destiny. The two masterpieces reveal much about the literature patterns and philosophical implications of the different cultures. The exploration of the two plays could help further understand the oneness of world literature and the tragedy of unlike cultureRead MoreFate and Ignorance in Oedipus Rex Essay2564 Words   |  11 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus Rex is a story that can be interpreted on many different levels of thinking. The ancient tale has existed for centuries and has been subjected to countless forms of analysis. What is it that makes Oedipus the King such a fascinating story? Is it the suspense of a developing mystery that captivates the audience? Or perhaps the wonderful feeling the readers get after vicariously experiencing the horror Oedipus feels? And if not that, could it be that the reader is intrigued at SophoclesRead MoreSpeech And Silence In Conrad Aikens Secret Snow, Silent Snow1112 Words   |  5 Pagesgifted would rise above the rest no matter what. This can be seen in Miss Buells seemingly rote memorization style of teaching. Her lesson quickly covers the entire globe. Deirdres questioning of the equator indicates that the lesson is not merely review. However, Miss Buells questioning of Paul as he daydreams shows she expects them to have memorized the information. Similar to the educational narrative, the parental narrative has a strict style and makes the parents quick to act. The parents areRead MoreEssay on Oedipus the King by Sophocles2040 Words   |  9 PagesThe play, Oedipus the King by Sophocles presents a grim hamartia caused from a terrible deed of long ago. Oedipus the protagonist is the powerful King of Thebes and held of high estate by the people of Thebes. As the terrible deed of Oedipus’s becomes apparent to both Oedipus and the City of Thebes his tragic flaw is slowly realized. The play will show â€Å"tragic power resides in human failing, hamartia, constantly underpinning any sense of the inevitable† (Walton). The play will show the author’s viewRead MoreI Chose To Do Research On The Ideas Of Sigmund Freud For1551 Words   |  7 Pagesto toilet training of the child. In the second through fifth years a child experiences the phallic stage where they experience the Oedipus complex, castration anxiety, an d penis envy. Freud defined the Oedipus complex as male and female children developing strong feelings for their mother, referring to Oedipus Rex. Castration anxiety is when male children begin to review their fathers as rivals for their mother’s affection. Penis envy is when female children envy their fathers for what they have thatRead MoreAuthority versus Truth in Sophocles Antigone and Shakespeares Twelfth Night2444 Words   |  10 Pagesthe people, he loses authority. Oedipus in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex can be said to possess both Traditional and Charismatic Authority. As the King of Thebes, Oedipus possesses the Authority traditionally ascribed to the King in ancient Greece. This is brought to focus in the opening scene of the play where the citizens of Thebes are gathered in front of the King’s Palace in â€Å"attitudes of supplication† (Watling 25). As the scene progresses we become aware of Oedipus’ charismatic authority over theRead More The Effective Use of Imagery in Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea2796 Words   |  12 Pagesan image of natural harmony, would certainly seem more congruous than if he made a miraculous recovery. Classical imagery in The Old Man and the Sea is nearly as common as biblical imagery. DiMaggios bone spur invokes classical images of Oedipus. Keiichi Harada clarifies the significance of the athletes bone spur to Santiago: [The] bone spur . . . has made DiMaggio . . . a symbolic significance to . . . the old man. To him DiMaggio symbolizes a man who both endures sufferings and achievesRead MoreAristotle s theory of the Tragic Hero1888 Words   |  8 Pagesgreat tragic poets of Ancient Greece, wrote many plays that violated the logical and structured principles of Aristotle’s  Poetics  in a conscious effort to depict a world that he saw as neither logical nor structured. Aristotle himself gives mixed reviews to Euripides’ troubling plays, but they are still performed two and a half millennia after they were written. Aristotle’s concept of mimesis helps him to explain what is distinctive about our experience of art. Poetry is mimetic, meaning that it invites

Handguns Should Not Be Banned Handguns - 1677 Words

Gun violence, especially that as caused by handguns, is a major problem in America. It affects millions of people annually, and the effects it has are irreversible. However, this reality does not constitute for a complete ban on the private ownership of handguns. A ban on the private ownership of handguns should not be enacted on the grounds that the United States government ought to preserve democratic legitimacy and constitutionalism, and a ban is not feasible or just in America’s political climate. Every day, 282 people are shot in the United States but this is not merely the result of the array of firearms available in this country. Instead, a minority of the guns that Americans own are responsible for much of this violence.†¦show more content†¦Wintemute and Teret, professors at Johns Hopkins University attribute this to the shame associated with mental health in America. Data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation reveals that from 1990 to 1997, 90,000 of the 147,000 suicides committed were committed with a firearm―a tribute to the handgun’s operational simplicity and effectivity. Overall, handguns are responsible for seventy percent of firearm suicides. Douglas Wiebe of the University of California-Los Angeles School of Public Health conducted a nationally representative study which revealed that ninety-four percent of gun-related suicides would not have occurred had a gun not been present. A motley of international examples provide proof of concept for a national handgun ban. For example, the Australian prime minister announced in 1996 that Australia would be enacting a national handgun ban, and guns would be collected through a gun buyback program. This resulted in the confiscation of 650,000 guns, a forty-two percent drop in the homicide rate, and a fifty-seven percent drop in the firearm suicide rate. In addition, no mass shootings have occurred since the ban, a sharp contrast to the thirteen shootings that took place in the thirteen years before. The homicide rate also fell to less than one per one hundred thousand, while the United States’ hovers at five per one hundred thousand. Professor Donahue of Stanford University attributes this to â€Å"more than merely the

New Urbanism Free Essays

Is New Urbanism really important in the development of our society or community? This question may come across to each individual who pays attention and concern to the progress of our society. According to a website name Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia it stated that â€Å"new urbanism† is an urban design movement whose popularity increased in the 1980s and early 1990s. Its goal is to bring change in all aspects of real estate development and urban planning. We will write a custom essay sample on New Urbanism or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many reasons why new urbanism is significant. According to Jacky Grimshaw on his website, it advocates the importance of new urbanism. It stated that new urbanism is important because it gives real choices for people just like transportation, location where to live and access to opportunity. New urbanist shows support to regional planning for open space, appropriate architecture and planning, and the balanced development of jobs and housing. As we all know that United States was developed in the form of compact, mixed-used neighborhoods in the first quarter of the 20th century. A new system of development was imposed through out the nation, replacing neighborhoods with a rigorous separation of uses which was popularly known as suburban development or sprawl and was happened after the World War II. Most of the US citizens adopted the suburban or sprawl. Suburban development carries a significant price even though for a fact that it has been known. In spite of the slow population growth of the countryside, the conventional suburban development spreads out to consume large areas of countryside (See New Urbanism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_urbanism#Background). *Sprawl and its Related Problems* Urban renewal has played a significant role in cities worldwide such as Saint John, New Brunswick, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Glasgow, Scotland and Bilbao, Spain, Canary Wharf, in London and Cardiff Bay in Cardiff. It has had a great impact on the urban landscape and still present until to this very day. Urban renewal or new urbanism is controversial because it suggests the use of eminent domain law force reclaiming private property for civic projects (See Urban Renewal. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal). New urbanism is a reaction to sprawl (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia). Sprawl was defined as the process in which the spread of development across the landscape far outpaces population growth. The landscape sprawl makes four dimensions and these are: * A population that is widely dispersed in low density development * Rigidly separated homes, shops, and workplaces * A network of roads marked by huge blocks and poor access * And a lack of well-defined, thriving activity centers, such as town centers and downtowns.1 People live in more sprawl regions tend to drive greater distances, breathe more polluted air, own more cars, face greater risk of traffic fatalities and walk and use transit less.2 In United States, most of the Americans who live in the metropolitan live in a mono-detached homes and commute to work by automobile.3 But there is one state in United States which is considered as America’s sole urban center where important fraction of the population lives in apartment, works downtown and commutes by public transit and this state is New York.4 Even new urbanism has helped in developing our way of life; new urbanism has drawn criticism from all quarters of the political spectrum. Some environmentalists criticize new urbanism as nothing more than sprawl dressed up with superficial stylistic cues.5 These critics of new urbanism often charge it of elevating aesthetic over practicality, subordinating good city planning principles to urban design dogma.6 In addition, according to Matthew E. Khan (March 2006) that sprawl’s critiques often argue that suburbanization may offer private benefits but that it imposes social costs. This â€Å"cost of sprawl† literature posits that there are many unintended consequences of the pursuit of the â€Å"American Dream† that range from increased traffic congestion, urban air pollution, greenhouse gas revenues, and denying the urban poor access to employment opportunities (See The Benefits of Sprawl. http://greeneconomics.blogspot.com/2006/03/benefits-of-sprawl.html).   In a research made by Anthony Downs (August 1999), he mentioned that many  urban economists think these growth-related problems as caused mainly by â€Å"market failures† which means failing to charge people who benefit from sprawl the true costs of the decisions they make that contribute to sprawl. He also added that it â€Å"under-prices† those decisions and encourages over-expansion into low-density settlements. He sets three examples and these are: * failing to charge commuters a money toll for driving during peak hours to offset the time-loss burdens they impose on others in the form of congestion. * failing to charge residents of low-density suburbs the full social costs of removing land from open space and agricultural uses. * failing to charge high enough land costs for new low-density peripheral subdivisions to take account of the real costs of adding the infrastructures required to service those subdivisions (See Some Realities About Sprawl and Urban Decline. www.anthonydowns.com/sprawlrealities.PDF). But the economists were able to make a proposal how to solve the â€Å"market failures† and these are: * Peak-hour road tolls on major commuting arteries. * A development tax on land converted from agricultural to urban uses. * Impact fees on all new developments. (See www.anthonydowns.com/sprawlrealities.PDF). Below is the most sprawling, residential density made by Reid Ewing, Rolf Pendall and Don Chen (See http://www.smartgrowthamerica.com/sprawlindex/MeasuringSprawl.PDF). Centeredness Score Rank Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, CA PMSA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   40.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1 Riverside-San Bernardino, CA PMSA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   41.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 Tampa-St.Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   51.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3 West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach- FL MSA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   53.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4 Oxnard-Ventura, CA PMSA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   55.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 Oakland, CA PMSA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   57.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6 Gary-Hammond, IN PMSA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   61.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7 Detroit, MI PMSA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   63.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   8 Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point, NC MSA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   69.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9 Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA PMSA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   72.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10 I think there is nothing wrong if we embrace sprawl or new urbanism concept because it helps to develop our country especially when it comes to our country’s facilities even there are related-problems arise. But taking those steps goes with responsibilities. Each individual and our government must know how to handle related-problems and find its remedies related to sprawl. References 1. Reid Ewing, Rolf Pendall, and Don Chen. Measuring Sprawl and its impact. http://www.smartgrowthamerica.com/sprawlindex/MeasuringSprawl.PDF. 2.   New Urbanism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_urbanism 3. Matthew Khan. The Benefits of Sprawl. Tufts University, March 2006. http://greeneconomics.blogspot.com/2006/03/benefits-of-sprawl.html. 4. Anthony Downs. Some Realities about Sprawl and Urban Decline. http://www.anthonydowns.com/sprawlrealities.PDF. How to cite New Urbanism, Essay examples New Urbanism Free Essays Is New Urbanism really important in the development of our society or community? This question may come across to each individual who pays attention and concern to the progress of our society. According to a website name Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia it stated that â€Å"new urbanism† is an urban design movement whose popularity increased in the 1980s and early 1990s. Its goal is to bring change in all aspects of real estate development and urban planning. We will write a custom essay sample on New Urbanism or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many reasons why new urbanism is significant. According to Jacky Grimshaw on his website, it advocates the importance of new urbanism. It stated that new urbanism is important because it gives real choices for people just like transportation, location where to live and access to opportunity (See â€Å"Why is New Urbanism Important? New Urbanism 101† www.cnu.org/pdf/jacky.pdf). New urbanist shows support to regional planning for open space, appropriate architecture and planning, and the balanced development of jobs and housing. As we all know that United States was developed in the form of compact, mixed-used neighborhoods in the first quarter of the 20th century. A new system of development was imposed through out the nation, replacing neighborhoods with a rigorous separation of uses which was popularly known as suburban development or sprawl and was happened after the World War II. Most of the US citizens adopted the suburban or sprawl. Suburban development carries a significant price even though for a fact that it has been known. In spite of the slow population growth of the countryside, the conventional suburban development spreads out to consume large areas of countryside (See New Urbanism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_urbanism#Background). *Sprawl and its Related Problems* Urban renewal has played a significant role in cities worldwide such as Saint John, New Brunswick, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Glasgow, Scotland and Bilbao, Spain, Canary Wharf, in London and Cardiff Bay in Cardiff. It has had a great impact on the urban landscape and still present until to this very day. Urban renewal or new urbanism is controversial because it suggests the use of eminent domain law force reclaiming private property for civic projects (See Urban Renewal. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal). New urbanism is a reaction to sprawl (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia). Sprawl was defined as the process in which the spread of development across the landscape far outpaces population growth. The landscape sprawl makes four dimensions and these are: * A population that is widely dispersed in low density development * Rigidly separated homes, shops, and workplaces * A network of roads marked by huge blocks and poor access * And a lack of well-defined, thriving activity centers, such as town centers and downtowns.1 People live in more sprawl regions tend to drive greater distances, breathe more polluted air, own more cars, face greater risk of traffic fatalities and walk and use transit less.2 1. Reid Ewing, Rolf Pendall, and Don Chen. Measuring Sprawl and its impact. http://www.smartgrowthamerica.com/sprawlindex/MeasuringSprawl.PDF. 2. ibid. In United States, most of the Americans who live in the metropolitan live in a mono-detached homes and commute to work by automobile.3 But there is one state in United States which is considered as America’s sole urban center where important fraction of the population lives in apartment, works downtown and commutes by public transit and this state is New York.4 Even new urbanism has helped in developing our way of life; new urbanism has drawn criticism from all quarters of the political spectrum. Some environmentalists criticize new urbanism as nothing more than sprawl dressed up with superficial stylistic cues.5 These critics of new urbanism often charge it of elevating aesthetic over practicality, subordinating good city planning principles to urban design dogma.6 In addition, according to Matthew E. Khan (March 2006) that sprawl’s critiques often argue that suburbanization may offer private benefits but that it imposes social costs. This â€Å"cost of sprawl† literature posits that there are many unintended consequences of the pursuit of the â€Å"American Dream† that range from increased traffic congestion, urban air pollution, greenhouse gas revenues, and denying the urban poor access to employment opportunities (See The Benefits of Sprawl. http://greeneconomics.blogspot.com/2006/03/benefits-of-sprawl.html). In a research made by Anthony Downs (August 1999), he mentioned that many 3. Matthew Khan. The Benefits of Sprawl. Tufts University, March 2006. http://greeneconomics.blogspot.com/2006/03/benefits-of-sprawl.html. 4. New Urbanism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_urbanism 5. †¦ 6. ibid. urban economists think these growth-related problems as caused mainly by â€Å"market failures† which means failing to charge people who benefit from sprawl the true costs of the decisions they make that contribute to sprawl. He also added that it â€Å"under-prices† those decisions and encourages over-expansion into low-density settlements. He sets three examples and these are: * failing to charge commuters a money toll for driving during peak hours to offset the time-loss burdens they impose on others in the form of congestion. * failing to charge residents of low-density suburbs the full social costs of removing land from open space and agricultural uses. * failing to charge high enough land costs for new low-density peripheral subdivisions to take account of the real costs of adding the infrastructures required to service those subdivisions (See Some Realities About Sprawl and Urban Decline. www.anthonydowns.com/sprawlrealities.PDF). But the economists were able to make a proposal how to solve the â€Å"market failures† and these are: * Peak-hour road tolls on major commuting arteries. * A development tax on land converted from agricultural to urban uses. * Impact fees on all new developments. (See www.anthonydowns.com/sprawlrealities.PDF). Below is the most sprawling, residential density made by Reid Ewing, Rolf Pendall and Don Chen (See http://www.smartgrowthamerica.com/sprawlindex/MeasuringSprawl.PDF). Centeredness Score Rank I think there is nothing wrong if we embrace sprawl or new urbanism concept because it helps to develop our country especially when it comes to our country’s facilities even there are related-problems arise. But taking those steps goes with responsibilities. Each individual and our government must know how to handle related-problems and find its remedies related to sprawl. References 1. Reid Ewing, Rolf Pendall, and Don Chen. Measuring Sprawl and its impact. http://www.smartgrowthamerica.com/sprawlindex/MeasuringSprawl.PDF. 2.   New Urbanism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_urbanism 3. Matthew Khan. The Benefits of Sprawl. Tufts University, March 2006. http://greeneconomics.blogspot.com/2006/03/benefits-of-sprawl.html. 4. Anthony Downs. Some Realities about Sprawl and Urban Decline. http://www.anthonydowns.com/sprawlrealities.PDF. How to cite New Urbanism, Essay examples New Urbanism Free Essays {text:change} {text:change} {text:change} {text:change} New Urbanism New Urbanism is a relatively recent architectural and social design principle to leave its mark {text:change} {text:change} on United States society. Many past contributing factors present in society {text:change} {text:change} have lead some Americans {text:change} {text:change} to call {text:change} {text:change} for the implementation of a New Urbanism way of life in recent years. After defining and {text:change} discussing exactly what New Urbanism is, I will {text:change} {text:change} {text:change} delve deeper into the movement in an attempt to uncover {text:change} {text:change} what this new movement is a response to. We will write a custom essay sample on New Urbanism or any similar topic only for you Order Now This, in turn, will help to identify some of the problems current suburbs face today. As defined by scholars, the term â€Å"New Urbanism† refers to â€Å"an intellectual movement of architects and planners that is opposed to the normative growth patterns of our society† (Gottdiener and Budd 96). Simply defined, one can think of the New Urbanism way of life as a rebellion against the way society has expanded into vast suburbs. New Urbanists do not like the concept of an automobile based suburbia. They believe that their neighborhoods should be small, taking no more time than five minutes to reach the neighborhood center {text:change} {text:change} from the boundaries of the neighborhood (Gottdiener and Budd 96). In addition, New {text:change} Urbanists believe that their societies should have a diverse selection of shops, parks, schools, and churches easily accessible to all (without an automobile) (Gottdiener and Budd 96). New Urbanists want to return to the way cities were {text:change} before American society was forever changed by the invention of the automobile. In order to achieve this objective {text:change} {text:change} , sidewalks and public transportation must connect dwellings with businesses, {text:change} {text:change} {text:change} thereby eliminating the need for daily use of the automobile as the essential means of transportation. Now that we {text:change} {text:change} {text:change} have an understanding {text:change} {text:change} of exactly what New Urbanism is, it is natural to question what led its early adopters in the 1980s to create or look favorably upon its implementation The {text:change} {text:change} roots of the New Urbanism movement can be traced back to the period after World War II and possibly earlier. When the automobile transitioned more from an idea {text:change} to large -scale roduction in the early 1900s, little did anybody know the widespread impact a simple transportation mechanism would have on American society. Life, as it was known then, would never be the same. Before the invention of the automobile, cities in America existed much like the neighborhood communities that {text:change} the New Urbanism movement hopes to bring back . {text:change} {text:change} As the number {text:change} {text:change} {text:change} of automobiles in society life increased, {text:change} the need for close proximity of necessary businesses and workplaces to the automobile owning family decreased . As Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk stated in their 1993 article regarding New Urbanism, â€Å"the suburbs and cities of today continue to separate the naturally integrated human activities of dwelling, working, shopping, schooling, worshiping, and recreating† (Duany and Plater-Zyberk 196). The automobile has helped to separate these critical establishments from the American household. The {text:change} authors infer that the increased importance of the automobile has led to an exponential rising of the amount of funding for {text:change} roadwork {text:change} while the amount of funding for civic programs has been reduced. Civic programs are crucial to the American society, economy, and environment (Duany and Plater-Zyberk 196). Such a shift towards increased emphasis on funding road {text:change} {text:change} work can be seen in the recent Economic Stimulus Bill passed by Congress and the President. Over $130 billion will be spent on the improvement and building of roads and bridges, which further highlight the relative importance of {text:change} {text:change} the automobile in American society. The other main {text:change} factor that lead to {text:change} {text:change} the birth of {text:change} {text:change} the New Urbanism movement is the suburban sprawl that accompanied the end of World War II. Sprawl, as defined by M. Gottdiener and Leslie Budd, is the â€Å"’haphazard growth’ of relative low density over an extended region, with residential units dominated by {text:change} single-family homes† (Gottdiener and Budd 145). Simply stated {text:change} {text:change} , sprawl is the exodus of citizens from the city into the outlying areas. Sprawl has lead to the creation {text:change} {text:change} of residential areas without much, if any, planning. This lack of planning usually results in the {text:change} {text:change} essential components of a {text:change} {text:change} {text:change} neighborhood being located far from the residential areas. Urban {text:change} {text:change} sprawl can have a tremendous {text:change} {text:change} {text:change} negative {text:change} {text:change} impact on the city neighborhoods that are left behind when citizens move to the suburbs. The {text:change} article entitled â€Å"From Institutional to Jobless Ghettos† by William Julius Wilson highlights this key point when referencing a quote from Loic Wacquant, a member of the Urban Poverty and Family Life Study. Wacquant said that â€Å"residents remember a time, not so long ago, when crowds were so dense at rush hour that one had to elbow one’s way to the train station – now have the appearance of an empty, bom bed-out war zone† when referencing the Woodlawn neighborhood in Chicago (Wilson 112). This effect is something that the New Urbanism movement is {text:change} {text:change} trying to correct. By {text:change} {text:change} attempting to counteract the effects of sprawl on society, suburban residential neighborhoods can be planned into New Urbanistic neighborhoods. Many city planners and architects have already attempted to do this. Some of the most famous New Urbanistic societies are the towns of Celebration, Florida and Seaside, Florida. text:change} {text:change} It is important to remember that just because architects and planners build a New Urbanistic neighborhood, that doesn’t necessarily mean {text:change} that, the residents of that neighborhood will live in the New Urbanistic way. For example, in Celebration, Florida there has not been an increase in sociability amongst {text:change} {text:change} strangers {text:change} {text:change} despite the fact that the dwellings have porches (Gottdiener and Budd 97). Gottdiener and Budd then go on to infer that just because you place suburbanites in a New Urbanistic society, that doesn’t mean that the residents will drop their suburban-like tendencies (Gottdiener and Budd 97). New Urbanism is a fairly new ideology that is opposed to the way in which society has grown during the past century. The underlying causes behind the formation of the New Urbanism movement can be traced back to the invention of the automobile and the pattern of urban sprawl that took place in most, if not all, major cities around the country shortly after World War II. New Urbanism strives {text:change} {text:change} for a societal efficiency that increases social networks while decreasing the idea {text:change} {text:change} of spreading out the neighborhood. Although New Urbanism seeks to address the problems caused by this urban {text:change} {text:change} sprawl growth pattern through architecture, it will likely take more than a different architectural design to change the long ingrained {text:change} {text:change} mindset of the automobile driven suburban citizen. text:change} {text:change} {text:change} {text:change} Works Cited Duany, Andres and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. â€Å"The Neighborhood, the District, and the Corridor. † The City Reader. 4thEd. Richard T. LeGates and Fredric Stout. New York, NY: Routledge, 2007. Print. Gottdiener, M. , and Leslie Budd. Key Concepts in Urban Studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc, 2005. Print. Wilson, William Julius. â€Å"From Institutional to Jobless Ghettos. † The City Reade r. 4th Ed. Richard T. LeGates and Fredric Stout. New York, NY: Routledge, 2007. Print. How to cite New Urbanism, Papers

Internet censorship in Saudi Arabia

Introduction Saudi Arabia leads other Arab countries in internet censorship by blocking website content from pornography, politics, entertainment, humor and religion among others (Black 203). Internet is heavily censored using â€Å"sophisticated† filtering system run by Internet Services Unit (ISU) that is based at the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology in Riyadh.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internet censorship in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Western country companies such as Secure Computing and Webscenes, which come from countries that do not censor internet, mainly provide the software for internet filtering. The idea is to block â€Å"immoral† websites to protect the society, but Stein says that this apparently sophisticated filtering system is quite easy to dodge by using proxy servers. This censorship came into effect in 2001 after the Council of Mini sters passed resolution banning internet users within the country from publishing or accessing certain materials on the internet. The censorship is charged to the ISU, which, manage the high-speed data links connecting the country to the rest of the world (Global Internet Freedom Consortium 6). The users in the country subscribe to local service providers who in turn get this connection from the ISU approved central proxy servers. What happens when a user requests a URL address that is blacklisted in the country is that, he/she is directed to a page informing him categorically that access to the page requested is denied, and the government-filtering regime is explained and the reasoning behind it? It also gives a chance to the user to request that some sites be blocked or unblocked (Boler 113). This paper will discuss what different writers think about internet censorship in Saudi Arabia and what people in this country respond to the filtering. This topic is appealing to me in that internet use has revolutionalised the world with information at the fingertips and communication has become extremely easy and efficient. My interest is in understanding internet censorship and the rationalization behind it and the implication to freedom of speech. My assumption is that internet use in Saud Arabia is only restricted in matters of pornography. The research question is to establish the scope of internet filtering in Saudi Arabia. Scope of censorship Jonathan Zittrain discusses the scope of internet censorship in Saudi Arabia and Benjamin Edelman, professors at Harvard Law School, in their report ‘Documentation of Internet Filtering in Saudi Arabia’ published in 2004 by the Harvard Law School.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The report discusses the results of a survey carried out by the Harvard Law School to empirically, determine the s cope and invasiveness of internet filtering in Saudi Arabia by attempting to access around 60,000 web pages on different topics that have been prelisted (Zittran and Edelman 341). The authors found out that, 2,038 pages in their list are blocked and covers topics that include religion, health, education, reference, humor and entertainment. The authors contend that their list of blocked pages in the country is not a perfect representation of content blocked and, therefore, drawing a clear conclusion about the Saudi blocking system is not possible. Zittrain and Edelman say that internet filtering is done by the ISU, a government outfit that implements internet filtering as outlined by the 2001 Council of Ministers Resolution. Local internet service providers connect to the international internet through a Central array of proxy servers, which are under ISU. If a user, requests a blocked page, the ISU administrative web informs him that access is denied on that page, and reasons for do ing this are stated. These are based on Qur’an stipulation of preserving Islamic values by filtering, materials that contradict to Islamic beliefs and culture. In addition to sexually explicit material, ISU web list other prohibited material on drugs, bombs, alcohol, gambling and material that insults Islam religion and Saudi Arabia laws and regulations. Apart from sexually explicit material, the authors say that blocked materials are blocked on the direction of the security bodies in the country. Among the 2038 blocked pages the authors established, 246 of them were on religion, 31 on health and specifically on drugs and abortion, 81 on humor, 251 on entertainment that is music and movies, 13 related to the gay community and 28 relating to swim suits, lingerie, modeling and other non pornographic human images. Other pages blocked were on Middle East politics, organizations, or groups, those containing hostile coverage of Saudi Arabia (Boler 98). In addition, services on circ umventing filtering restrictions, sites on information concerning women, some education and reference materials and of course pornography. This source was able to answer my question on the scope of filtering and the stakeholders involved. In addition, the materials blocked that are not only about pornography and religion but also a wide array of materials on some topics that are helpful to a society. The question that remains is how Saudis think of this and whether there ways of circumventing this filtering. Jennifer Lee, reported in The New York Times, in her article Companies Compete to Provide Saudi Internet Veil† published in November 19, 2003. She discusses the scope of internet censorship in Saudi Arabia. Lee reports of the competition by US companies to provide Saudi Arabia with software that blocks access to websites, which the government deems inappropriate for its users.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internet censorship in Saudi Arab ia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She quotes several software companies response to the war to win Saudi Arabia censor contract. She says that Saudi Arabia block pornographic sites that are making powerful business in uncensored countries around the world. Others that are blocked are those security agencies feel are sensitive for political or religious reasons. Once, the government buys the software, it customizes it completely. The company providing it has no control over how it is used. Lee continues to say that Saudi Arabia is the most active user of censorship among the Muslim countries where it uses a Royal decree to channel all public internet traffic to and from the country through a single control center, ISU. Among the blocked website are Committee for Defense of Human Rights in the Arabian Peninsula and the Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia. Those sites, which provide the history of the country and with mild political connotations, are blocked. The people of Saudi Arabia respond to internet filtering by dialing up foreign internet service providers, use websites that hide the user’s identity or circumvent the filtering by using pseudo names in websites that are also circumventing the filtering system. It is no wonder that together with Egypt the country has the highest number of blogger many of them women using pseudo names. Lee reports that an official, Dr. Hajery, says that some Saudis are instrumental in the blockage of sites by reporting them to the ISU. He says that his staff receives around 500 suggestions a day and around 100 requests a day to remove from the black list for wrong characterization but in many cases, this is not granted, as there is no mechanism for compelling the government to do so (Stein 118). This article has shed light on my assumption that human rights groups’ sites are blocked and Saudis are not allowed to engage on political debates online since these b logs are blocked. The article further proves that the country deeply censors its internet and media in general for society’s sake yes but also for political reasons. The question that arises is whether keeping people ignorant is helpful to the society in the sense â€Å"what you do not know will not hurt you† or simply it is a selfish way of controlling people opinions by the government. Lee articulates most of the things outlined by Zittrain and Edelman. Conclusion The authors of the sources above are trying to establish the scope of internet censorship in Saudi Arabia. They agree that internet filtering to block pornographic sites and politically charged websites is suitable for a society and national security. However, what has been implemented by Saudi Arabia clearly goes beyond the need to protect society from sexual exploitation and security interests (Stein 217). The contentious issue here is that Saudi Arabia is curtailing the freedom of speech among its popula tion and wants its population to remain ignorant which goes against human rights, which are universal.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ordinary Saudis think that their government is protecting their social and cultural values, and from insecurity, that is why they report sites for blocking while many others still to access the blocked sites and contribute views through pseudo names. What the Saudis do not consider is that the government is curtailing their freedom of speech and information. What the stakeholders here have in common is protecting their won interests (Lee 59). The government wants no dissent from the people, while the companies want to make money from their software, and the difference is in their values. My assumption have now been proven that indeed internet censorship is deep in Saud Arabia, and goes beyond protecting society values to violation of human rights. Now that, I have established the scope of internet censorship, the question is whether this has been effective and how effective that is. Reference List Black, Ian. â€Å"Saudia Arabia leads Arab regimes in internet censorship.† The Guardian 30 June 2010: 2. Boler, Megan. Digital Media and democracy: tactics in hard times. USA: MIT Press, 2008. Global Internet Freedom Consortium. Defeat internet censorship: overview of advanced  technologies and products. White Paper. USA: Global Internet Freedom Consortium, 2007. Lee, Jennifer. â€Å"Companies Compete to provide Saudi internet veil.† The New York  Times 19 November 2003: 1A. Stein, Sam. â€Å"Rick Scott tied to internet censorship in Iran and Saudi Arabia.† Huffington  Post 12 May 2009: 3. Zittrain, Jonathan and Edelman, Benjamin. Documantation of internet filtering in Saudi  Arabia. Survey Report. USA: Havard Law School, 2004. This research paper on Internet censorship in Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Amare Morrison to help you with your own studies. 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