The Checkered Board free essay sample

A checkered board with alternate pattern of black and white lay flat on a mahogany table. There it was. It offered nothing special. But to me it was a memory. Only seeing it could make my scar turn into a nostalgic vision of him, of Paps. My grandfather, I called Paps, brought the chessboard for us to play during weekends. He said it could help my thinking process become sharp and shrewd. Luckily, I found the game nice. At first, I wasn’t able to absorb the routines of playing chess. But with constant practice with my grandfather, I gradually learned the ropes especially the techniques and strategies to win the game. However, Paps always remained as the champion. As time dropped by, my relationship with Paps became something like of the chess pieces. He sacrificed his rest periods just to teach me the game. He sacrificed his time just to bond with me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Checkered Board or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I believed he did it because my parents were always not at home because of their work. Paps was really a chess master. On the other hand, I learned life lessons from him and the game. I boned up the value of focus to the things I prioritized. I learned not only offense or of how to attack the problems that might come on my way but also defense. I learned also the value of sacrifice as well. On the beginning of October last year, Paps’ health began to deteriorate. In his diagnosis, he acquired pneumonia and some complications in his lungs. Hearing those words, it pierced my heart deeply. It left a painful wound. What was good to hear was he took his medication. In January, I thought everything was alright, that Paps was okay. But I was mistaken. I overheard from a telephone call in the house that Paps passed away a minute ago. That was another pierce in my heart. The wound before I thought that turned into a scar became fresh again. Three months after his burial, the pain in my heart subsided. It turned again into a scar. However, the game I used to know was something like a stranger to me. I hated seeing it. I loathed playing it. I told Mom to hide the chessboard in the old cabinet in the basement. After she did so, I thought the house would become normal again. But I felt something was missing. Something was lost, lost in the corner of my mind. I knew it wasn’t the chessboard because it was a piece of memory. I couldn’t figure it out not until I stepped out of our house and the rays of the sun struck my eyes. I forgot the lesson Paps had let me understood, that is to focus on whats my life today.

Poinsettia pH Paper - Holiday Chemistry Project

Poinsettia pH Paper - Holiday Chemistry Project Many plants contain pigments that are responsive to changes in acidity. An example is the poinsettia plant, which has colored flowers (really specialized leaves called bracts). Although poinsettias are perennials in warmer climates, most people are likely to see them used as a decorative houseplant over the winter holidays. You can extract the red pigment from deeply colored poinsettias and use it to make your own pH paper strips to test whether a liquid is an acid or a base. Poinsettia pH Paper Materials Poinsettia flowersBeaker or cupHot plate or boiling waterScissors or a blenderFilter paper or coffee filters0.1 M HClVinegar (dilute acetic acid)Baking soda solution (2 g / 200 mL water)0.1 M NaOH Procedure Cut flower petals into strips or chop them in a blender. Place the cut pieces into a beaker or cup.Add just enough water to cover the plant material. Simmer until the color is removed from the plant. (Personally, I would just microwave the chopped bracts with a little water for about a minute and allow the mixture to steep, like a tea.)Filter the liquid into another container, such as a petri dish. Discard the plant matter.Saturate clean filter paper with the poinsettia solution. Allow the filter paper to dry. You can cut the colored paper with scissors to make pH test strips.Use a dropper or toothpick to apply a little liquid to a test strip. The color range for acids and bases will depend on the particular plant. If you like, you can construct a chart of pH and colors using liquids with a known pH so that you can then test unknowns. Examples of acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), vinegar, and lemon juice. Examples of bases include sodium or potassium hydroxide (NaOH or KOH) and baking soda solution. Another way to use your pH paper is as a color-change paper. You can draw on pH paper using a toothpick or cotton swab that has been dipped in an acid or base. The instructions for the poinsettia pH paper project are also available in French.

Tender response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tender response - Essay Example There are a representation of experts working for Godiva Oil International Company, which ensures efficiency and effectiveness in delivery of services. 1. Billy Charles is the team leader of the project team. He is a qualified civil engineer and has worked for this company for over ten years. In Godiva Oil International Company he works as the chief consulting engineer in relation to construction and installation of oil tanks, oil pipelines and he is the chief designer of pipe lines. Before then, he was working with Legacy Oil Company as device installation expert for three years. He has also served as a chief consultant in an engineering firm for four years. He has recommendable leadership ability and has shown it in some two other teams. 2. Florence Jill is an experienced records manager at Godiva Oil International Company. In the project team, she will serve as the secretary to record all occurrences in the process of supply acquisition and installation of the products in the tender. She will also be in charge of communications and correspondence in the team. She has served in her present capacity for eight years and has proved her capability in her work. She has adapted to the changing technological advancement in the styles of record keeping. 3. Betty Williams is the one in charge procurement in the project committee. She is a qualified economist and a holder of a master’s degree in procurement. She has worked with this company for four years and she has proved her capability to perform perfectly well in assessing quality of products for the company and providing reliable quotation for products. 4. Peter Robertson is a communications officer in the project team. He has wide knowledge and extensive expertise in oil tanks installation services. He has worked in Godiva Oil International for five years and two years in an oil and container trading company. He has a vast knowledge of the operation and

The new age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The new age - Essay Example Like a number of ancient religions of the world, Scientology holds the view that people are placed on earth to establish their own salvation and they can only comprehend the relationship with God by realizing this. The appeal of scientology is in a person’s capacity to solve his own issues (Frost & Frost, 2012). When a person is able to solve his own problem, he is also capable of helping other individuals. It also allows a person to think for himself. Question 2 Both science and religion hold assertions to reality. Religion is made up of faith and belief. Religion claims events are factual because they want them to be, and they decline to alter their notions just because there are a number of infuriating information in the way. In contrast, science incorporates theory and evidence. Science asserts that things are factual because they concur with the proof and theory also gives it support. Additionally, if there is new evidence, the theory is modified, even if it requires givi ng up prior valued suggestions. In addition, every scientific theory is in principle refutable, and in the end every theory will be negated. In contrast, religion can in principle not be refuted. This does not play a part to its evidence. Moreover, religion cannot be proven (Frost & Frost, 2012). ... Moreover, globalization illustrates the connection between cultures of macro-social components. These components entail politics, economics, and religion. Also, globalization may universalize and wear down the features of a local grouping (Lewis, 2007). Significant factors in globalization include the advancement of the internet, telecommunications and transportation infrastructure. These factors generate additional interdependence of cultural and economic activities. Also, Atheism plays a part in globalization. Atheism refers to the refusal of belief in the being of divinity. It also implies that there is not a deity that exists. Atheists are less authoritarian, nationalistic, close-minded, prejudiced, ethnocentric, anti-Semitic, dogmatic, and racist (Frost & Frost, 2012). Therefore, they can sell their merchandise, goods, or services to all people and markets all over the world. Atheists are also pro-immigration and presume that any migration is beneficial migration because it is e ffortless to incorporate these individuals in the global culture. Question 4 Secularism refers to the rule of disconnection of government units, and the individuals authorized to represent the nation, from religious dignitaries and religious institutions. Secularism may highlight the claim to liberty from religious teachings and rule, and the liberty to freedom from governmental obligation of religion to the individuals in a state that is nonaligned on issues of belief. Secularism may also illustrate the notion that human beings decisions and activities, mostly political, must not be biased by religious authority. It is better that states embrace secularism than religion (Frost & Frost, 2012). This is because secular state will incorporate the views of the entire

Personal statment Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statment - Personal Statement Example I would still love to continue my learning phase and for this reason, I have planned to do my PhD as well. Studying MBA will help me in learning about business knowledge and it will assist me in my long term goal which is to start my own business in real estate sector. My aim is to start my own business in my own country and help my country to prosper. By starting my own business, I will be able to help my country grow and create employment. Even if I have to work for few years to gain knowledge and gain professional experience of real estate industry, then I am open for such challenges as well and ready to get any job to gain experience. I have already worked as a Librarian in University of Business and Technology, Jeddah. This working experience was also helpful and I have learnt a lot from my job experience. In future, I am open for new challenges and ready to explore myself. However, for this I want to start my MBA

Agricultural Activities In Dungun Terengganu Sociology Essay

Agricultural Activities In Dungun Terengganu Sociology Essay CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter provides the background of the study in particular will focus on social capital in relation to agricultural activities in Dungun Terengganu. 1.0 Introduction Agriculture play important role in economics of a country especially in developing country. This is because this field become large financial resource of national income (Ayob, 1994). Various policies were enacted to ensure intact permanent agriculture field as one of the national income main source. Among them were National Agriculture Policy, Policy Of Agricultural Development (Ayob, 1994) and Program 1 Azam (. Government Transformation Programme: The Roadmap. 2010). All this policy drafted to ensure country earned food source that is sufficient (food security) in long time and can eradicate national poverty. This is because most poverty area was in agricultural area. Hence, the areas of agriculture are very important to the country in ensuring food continuity and economic development of the country. Nevertheless, agriculture in Malaysia still was in weak level as this field not so adored by youth. Hence, government needs come out with alternative that is good and need promote the productivity so that it can enhance agricultural activity productivity. According to Liverpool-Tasie, Nail, Ajibola,(2011), the improvement of agricultural productivity is very important to the government policy goal and development agency. In line with nations modernization, areas of agriculture also experienced the revolution. Nomination method no longer limited to those having land, even people who has no land also can garden. It refers to innovation where change occurs within practices (Westendorp, Biggs). Hydroponic and Fertigation System is innovation for agriculture system in Malaysia. It used to provide opportunity to farmers to increase their income revenue as this field often associated with poverty (Ayob, 1994). There are various elements to ensure areas of agriculture success. There are trust, interaction, networking, knowledge sharing and cooperation. However, element that is most important of success in agricultural field is social capital. Social capital is public resources. It needs to be managed and being shared nicely through cooperation by group or people in long period to ensure sustainable social development (Yamaoka, 2007). However, if people fail for recognise the benefit of social capital, it will cause failure on something. Hence, social capital is very important to ensure innovation agricultural project can walk successfully. This study looks into how the social capital fit in the context of agricultural activities. 1.1 Background of study Modernity of a country not only base on the technology but it involves with innovation in agricultural field. In recent years, there are various types of new agriculture in the worldwide. These show that area of agriculture also experienced comparable revolution with others field. According to Heemskerk, Wennink, (2004); D.Parthasarathy, V.K.Chopde and Westendorp, Biggs, they focus to agriculture innovation as it needed for stabilizing production and areas of agriculture productivity by can enhance community development. There is various innovation that have been done in every country to stabilize sector agriculture such as implementation of small water reservoirs in Ghana by Kinderen, (2006), crop without using any poison in Indonesia by Westendorp, Biggs, agricultural technologies for dryland, arid and semiarid Areas by D.Parthasarathy, V.K.Chopde in India and Soil Management Option in Southern Africa by Njuki, Mapila, Zingore, Delve, (2008). All this agriculture innovation affects that positive impact on social capital. However, Malaysia also has the agriculture innovation and it had known as fertigation project. Fertigation is soilless culture production system. Fertigation crop system can avoid crop from root disease infection soil-borne. Among type of crop that suitable to be used for crop fertigation is like red chilli, cucumber, melon, zucchini, brinjal, okra, capsicum and strawberry. Usually, the farmers will build greenhouse known as Struktur Perlindung Tanaman (STP) to protect crop from infection in leaves and fruit and ensure fertilizer concentration at level that correct. Apart from that, crop medium that commonly used in this system is coconut coir dust known as coconut powder or coco peat. It applies as able to absorb and stores fertilizers solution beside used by root as place to believe. Moreover, it cheap and easy to find in the market. This system also uses arranging device time to ensure every crop get fertilizers solution in time was prescribed. Frequency and period every drop depend on type of crop and crop age. (Sources: Teknologi Penanaman Secara Fertigation (MARDI)). Organization from areas of agriculture now had opened the eye of farmers by introducing new crop system namely fertigation crop. It has become latest trend in agricultural field of Malaysia where all organization support using the fertigation crop. This crop promising returns back investment capital within short time if those use this method properly. There are various successes of the farmers by using this system fertigation (sources: By Cultivation Technology Fertigation (MARDI)). In this research, the researcher focuses on how social capital can contribute to the success of fertigation project in Dungun Terengganu. The researcher want see the connection between social capital and the agriculture. According to Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku, Ajibola, (2011), social network will affect nomination method (farming practices) by adaptation technological information or network. This indirectly will affect agricultural productivity as the farmers have acquired information that is useful to develop their crop system. Apart from that, social capital can improve the agricultural technology. This is because social capital has ability for developed and it also can use various types of social network to create understanding between farming household and farming community (D.Parthasarathy, V.K.Chopde). Social capital in agriculture has given benefit on farmers and also nonfarmers. Social capital will increase awareness and appreciation to the stakeholder interests where it will increase trust and confident on action of community member. When social capital has existed, nonfarmers will support and respect on local agriculture while farmers will respect nonfarmerss concerns and need. Hence, the establishment of social capital will contribute mutual respect among each other and they will share sense of community which will support individual interest and locality (Wilkinson (1991) cited in Sharp, Smith). According to Aleksiev, Penov, (2006), social capital will make people change to be better because everyone have the opportunity to change position and can modify the network where they work. Putman (1993) cited in BRUEGEL, (2006) tell difference between societies with social capital and societies with no social capital. He found that the high level of distrust shows the low level of social capital. People with low level of social capital have a tendency not to follow the rule. Hence, any punishment sentenced will take long time as offences committed heavy. Apart from that, the researcher also focuses on two types of social capital such as bonding and bridging. According to Putnam cited in Yamaoka (2007), bonding social capital are also known as exclusive type where this group have members that is more-or-less and had equation between one same other in term of nature and internally oriented while bridging on the other hand known as inclusive type which include few groups in cross- sectoral and it externally oriented manner. This aim of this study is to explore on how social capital can contribute to the success of fertigation project of Malaysia especially case of Dungun Terengganu. Malaysia has not yet has research on improvement of fertigation on social capital. 1.2 Problem Statement Social capital is the main issue of this research. Social capital is one of the most crucial agricultural activities that are proven to offer advantages to not only for organization but also for individual in meeting certain objectives. The role of social capital for instance is indeed critical especially dealing with networking between the people. With regard to social capital, learning, communication and trust are among the significant attributes that can help to measure the successful fertigation project in Dungun Terengganu. Fertigation project in Malaysia are growing the usage. However, there are some of the issues that are link in this project. The issue which occurred are trust, cooperation, interaction, networking and knowledge sharing. Nevertheless, all this problem can be overcame with social capital. Trust is another thing which is highly associated with social capital. Trust will be influenced by a lot of factors which need to be explored by the researcher. Besides trust, according to officer in Dungun Agriculture Office, they cannot measure the level cooperation between farmers and organization. It is because not all farmers involve in all activities carried out by organization. Other than that, interaction also play very important role to expedite the social capital. Hence, the effective communication needs to use to make sure they understand the information and terms used in fertigation project. Note that effective interaction can influence social capital should they choose the right tools. Networking play role that is important in ensuring continuity social capital in this study. The researcher will study factor which influenced networking in this project of fertigation. Apart from that, the researcher also focuses to knowledge sharing to know as far as it influences social capital. There are a lot of studies pertaining on the social capital. However, the researcher only focus on social capital and agriculture where there will be many research carried out showing that social capital can help agricultural project. For Heemskerk, Wennink, (2004); D.Parthasarathy, V.K.Chopde and Westendorp, their Biggs focus on social capital and agriculture innovation while Yamaoka, (2007); Sharp, Smith; Kinderen, (2006); Liu, Besser,(2003) on the other hand focus on social capital and agricultural and rural development. Apart from that, Hong, Sporleder on the other hand focus on social capital and agricultural cooperative and Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku, Ajibola, (2011) on the other hand focus on social capital and agriculture productivity. However, projects carried out above not venture in the nature on fertigation project. 1.3 Research Question With regard to the problems highlighted in problems statement, the following research questions were posed for this study: How bonding contribute to successful of fertigation project How bridging contribute to successful of fertigation project 1.4 Research Objective In general, the main research objective is to examine the social capital for fertigation project in Dungun Terengganu. Besides that, this research also explore on the factors that influence social capital which include trust, cooperation, interaction, networking and knowledge sharing Thus, the study is carrying out to achieve the following objective: To examine the relationship of social capital towards successful fertigation project 1.5 Scope of the Study The scope of this study is the organization that related to agriculture sector in Dungun Terengganu. There are the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Organization Authority of Malaysia and the farmers involved in Fertigation Project in Dungun. The selection is based on trust, cooperation, interaction, networking and knowledge sharing that are assumed to contribute towards social capital. There are several limitations of this study. There are: 1.5.1 Place This research is made in Dungun district where it focuses on farmers in Dungun district. It only focus to one place only and it may be cannot represent actual situation. 1.5.2 Scope The scope of this study is the fertigation project. This project was conducted in two organizations that have been selected by the researcher. The researcher only concern about this project on the area of Dungun, Terengganu only. If the same study implemented in another scope, the result may be different. 1.5.3 Variables In this study, the researcher only focus on trust, cooperation, interaction, networking and knowledge sharing as the variables. 1.6 Significance of the Study The importance of this study will see whether the trust, cooperation, interaction, networking and knowledge sharing to the stakeholder will gain the social capital in agricultural product development in Dungun Terengganu. Social capital is critical to realize the development community in the social agriculture. This is because by having a good networking, it will create the positive impact to the society and also will increase capacity building in the area. In addition, it also will foster innovative community where they can understand the new knowledge and be involved with a new mission and decision. The other significant of the study is to gather new knowledge on this area. It will give academicians and organizations new knowledge on social capital, how it can be done between the farmers and organization in an agriculture context. Besides that, it can serve as a platform for future research. The data obtained can be used for other researchers to study the social capital globally. Besides that, the researcher also will come out with the theoretical contribution which can use by the others scholar particularly on social capital in agricultural activities. Last significance of this study is to provide recommendations to improve the present situation. With that, the organizations can prevent, reduce and overcome some cases by taking appropriate prevention and action to solve the problems. It is to ensure that any problems that occur have the solution and make sure that the organization did not make the same mistake in the future. 1.7 Definition of Terms 1.7.1 Fertigation Fertigation is soilless culture production system (Teknologi Penanaman Secara Fertigation (MARDI)). 1.7.2Social Capital For Cohen (2007), social capital is network of informal trust relationships that provide an essential social infrastructure for knowledge sharing and knowledge creation sparked by new combination of existing knowledge. Besides that, according to Woolcook Narayan, 2000 (cited in Kilpatrick Falk, 2003) social capital is norms and networks that enable people to act correctly (pp. 501). According to World Bank Cited in Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku, Ajibola, (2011), social capital refers to the institutions, relations and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a societys interactionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Social Capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a society-it is the glue that holds them together. 1.7.3 Bonding social Capital Bonding social capital describes the links between individuals or groups with similar goals within the network (Hong, G., Sporleder) 1.7.4 Bridging Social Capital Bridging social capital describes the capacity of individuals or groups to make links with others outside their organization, particularly across social networks (Hong, G., Sporleder) Measurement of social capital Social capital has a variety of dimensions. While in many developing countries, it is often captured via some measure of membership in community based organizations, as well as engagement in the community (Okunmadewa et al. 2007; Balogun and Yusuf 2011a; Yusuf 2008), there are a number of other aspects of social capital that have been identified as important for a comprehensive understanding of the concept. Some aspects of social capital that have been identified in the literature as very important (Roslan et al. 2010a, 2010b; Balogun and Yusuf 2011) include: 1) Groups and networks, measured by a) Membership in formal or informal organization or association. b) Ability to get support from those, other than family members and relatives, in case of hardship. c) Remittances. d) Ability to learn from ones network or group, particularly the impact on technology adoption. e) Access to various markets (labor, input, or output) via the group. 2) Trust and solidarity, measured by a) Perceptions about whether most people in the community can be trusted. b) Perceptions about social support/help provided by group members for each other in times of hardship. 3) Collective action and cooperation, measured by a) More than half of the community contributing time or money towards common development goals. b) A high likelihood that people, in the community, cooperate to solve common problems. 4) Information and communication, measured by a) Frequency of reading or listening to news sources such as radio, newspapers, and television. 5) Social cohesion and inclusion, measured by a) Strong feeling of togetherness within the community. b) Feeling safe from crime and violence when alone at home. 6) Empowerment and political action, measured by a) Having control in making decisions that affect everyday activities b) Political participation such as voting and being voted for in local elections (Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku Ajibola (2011)) To measure socialcapital, two indicators are utilized. The first item is a social network measure reflecting the extent to which residents interact with farmerss. The second socialcapital item represents trust, and is an attitudinal measure of resident trust or confidence in local farmerss. The network question asked respondents to indicate how often he or she saw or met a farmers during the course of a year, with response categories including never, a few times a year, once or a few times a month, and once a week or more (Sharp Smith) This paper uses an innovations systems framework to analyse the ways social capital in the overall agricultural and natural resources innovation system in Nepal has increased far beyond what was originally expected in the project proposal (Westendorp Biggs) CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In the previous chapter, the researcher provides the basic information of social capital. Under this chapter, it will explore more on the elements of social capital which relevance to the research. This chapter describes the theoretical foundation for social capital in agricultural sector in Dungun Terengganu. In the section, the researcher gives an overview of the how social capital can contribute to the success of fertigation project in Dungun Terengganu. This section will culminate issue related to theoretical considerations to empirical study. The researcher will also present a conceptual framework. An outline of this chapter is given in the figure as below: Figure 2.0: Outline of Chapter 2 2.1 Problems in Agriculture Every project carried out doubtless has problem and the challenge. In this study, the researcher focus on problems which occurred in sector agriculture so that the researcher knows what problem that is real occurs within field of agriculture. Heemskerk, Wennink, (2004) discuss on group size. There is conflict on group size that should use in this areas of agriculture whether small size or big size. According To Pretty (2003), every agriculture project need membership within 20 and 50 persons but if membership less than 20, farmer can still functioning well. In this study, they discuss on advantages of small size group and big size group. Small size group will influence social capital with much better as fewer members beside it have been administered easily and particularly dynamic. However, large size will gain the huge experience as it involving many memberships. Hence, the group size become issue to many project agriculture in ensuring social capital happen. Apart from that, difference parties doubled up problem in areas of agriculture (Enserink (2004) cited in Kinderen (2006)). According to this study, farmer with parties that have different tendency to resolve their own problem without discuss with responsible party. This is because they have their own perspective and they rather solve problems according to their own way. It also supported by Wilber (1981) cited in Kinderen (2006) where when this situation happened, farmer no longer want to solve problems but they prefer to live in imbalance and inequalities. In addition, low skilled and low educational background doubled up problems for areas of agriculture (Ogunanya 2009; Ekunwe, Orewa and Emokaro 2008 cited in Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku Ajibola 2011; Ayob (1994). These problems happen due to poverty which hit most farmers. This is because most impoverished area located in agricultural area. When farmer has no educational, it will give impact on agricultural productivity as they cannot accept new skill and has no knowledge to develop areas of agriculture. Apart of that, low income in the agriculture as the farmers have low educational and low skilled. Hence, they had to make other jobs to accommodate their income (Fasoranti 2006; Okafor 2004; Adewuyi and Okunmadewa 2001; Yusuf et al. 2009; Peke 2008; Adewuyi 2006; Adejoh 2009 cited in Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku Ajibola 2011). Problems in this agriculture have encouraged innovation in agriculture to help farmers and in Malaysia, fertigation project is agricultural innovation and it also establishes to help farmers in country. 2.2 Social Capital Social capital is defining an asset. It will give the benefit such as productive on process more efficient, effective, innovative, and developed. Social capital did not exist in one person, however it inhering relationship between one and other individual and with socioeconomic institutions where the individual operate (Coleman 1988 cited in Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku Ajibola, 2011). The study of social capital have been intrigued various scholar. Social capital is a set process by which individuals will be built and developed the relationship with other people to provide goods or services (Keyes, 2006). At this time, people will identify their strengths in their working relationship and had been feeling the benefits resulting from effective team. Social capital cannot be seen by the naked eye, but it certainly exists in the real world and its existence can be felt by the interaction. According to Woolcock (1999) cited in Bostrà ¶m (2002), social capital can be found at club, association and societies and communities where people can meet and work together. According to Huotari livonen, social capital associated with the actor in a relationship. If the actor in a relationship trusts each other, it does not only increase the social capital but also can create the knowledge for innovation. This also supported Ji et al (2010) that social capital has relationship with trust and had the connection in empirical study. Before going with more much further, we need to know how social capital can happen. According to Morrice (2207), everyone has owned different amount of social capital. Only they uncertain whether it many or a little. However, when something has occurred and it involves people interest, they will be united and will develop bond among them. When they already united, this bond will become double- edge. All problems faced would be resolved jointly. It will be giving advantages to group because network has become stronger. Interaction and learning is between one of the element in social capital (Maskell (2000) cited in Chou (2006)). It can exist in society with the existence of process of interaction and learning. This is because people interact with colleague compared to own family and also friends. Hence, social capital will emerge at workplaces and it will help cooperation in job. Social capital will note happen if individuals only used a little ability or note use it direct for society interest (Dà ­az Andrade Urquhart, 2009). According to them, social capital provides structure to understand configuration and intensity of interaction between individuals in network. Apart from that, social capital can make innovation. According to Westendorp Biggs, it not only changing productivity agriculture and reduce cost but it also enhance institutional linkage and social capital development. Besides that, storytelling will reinforces further social capital between people because it would be firmed further norm and trust people on organization (Hope Cheong, 2006). Networks have four characteristic such as pluriformity, interdependency, closedness and dynamic (de Bruijn and heuvelhof, 2000 cited in Kinderen, 2006). According to them, pluriformity is variety in the network. This is because everyone have characteristic, knowledge, power, financial resources and own objective. When people do something policy that new, pluriformity need to establish because there will have conflict in the network. This is because people have various characteristic and they will act based on their characteristic. In this study, there is part of society in Africa agreeing with implementation of small reservations and some of them do not want to take part. Closedness of the network is a characteristics that is easily been recognised in the societies. In African villages, often rivalry between different ethnic groups exists and kinship is a crucial factor of being part of the group or not. The closedness of an organisation (read: village/community) is the result of its frame of reference which is formed by core values deeply rooted in the organisation and which determine its action to a large degree. Organisations are usually sensitive to interventions that fit their own frame of reference (de Bruijn and Heuvelhof, 2000: 27). So being able to determine that frame of reference will, partly, determine the successfulness of the intervention. Apart from that, interdependency exists within group or society between actors. It depends on the amount of connection in group. When it have strong bonding, network will become interdependency. However, it difficult for predict. Hence, actors need to be careful so that no one takes advantage towards them. Last network is dynamic. Dynamic of network have the large power. It can affect the people in the network. This is because network that is dynamic will inconvenience inteference from outside. Apart from that, Maertens (2010) cited in Liverpool-Tasie, Kuku Ajibola (2011) said that dynamic network will affect p eople to engage in new activity as their network strong. Figure 2.2: Modelling a Theory of Social Capital (Lin, 1999) (pp.41) Based on from this model, it has three blocks variable namely a blocks represent pre- conditional and precursors of social capital factor in social structure and every position individual in social structure which can constrains or facilitate social capital. Second block representing social capital element and last block representing return probability for social capital. In first block to second, it explained on formation of inequality of social capital namely what structural element which will affect the opportunities for construct and maintain social capital. In second block on the other hand, it explained on two element of social capital namely access to social capital and use of social capital. Both elements explain process of social capital mobilization. Third Block also explained on three ingredients has inter- connected namely better accessible embedded resources, better embedded resources that could be utilised by individual. In process second block (social capital) until t hird block (outcome), it represents the process which social capital produce returns. It explains on what we get outcome from social capital. 2.3 Important of Social Capital According to Grooteart, 2004 cited in Kinderen, 2006, social capital can expect certain aspect in society such as crime, health, poverty and unemployment. It can leverage on the efficiency of production, happiness, life satisfaction and wellbeing of the community (Helliwell and Putnam, 2004 cited in Kinderen, 2006). Apart from that, social capital now also is looked as important asset that is equivalent with natural, physical capital, finance, human, and political capital (Dll Meinzen-Dick, 2004 cited in Kinderen, 2006). Social capital afford consolidate democracy in society and it can enhance efficiency towards work (Safr and Sediackova, 2006 cited in POSPÄÅ ¡CH SPÄÅ ¡Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚  Nà  (2011). When networking in strong society, all activity carried out will happen nicely because the existence of bonding in community. Apart from that, social capital also influenced the sustainable livelihood (Pretty, 2003). This is because it got involved with social bond where actor which have high social bond will success in activity carried out and it will also influence living stability. At the same time, social capital also gave impact on knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing is one element in social capital. According To Putnam (1993) cited in D.Parthasarathy, V.K.Chopde, uniqueness social capital rests with willingness of people to share. All activity carried out will succeed because people know what they need to do by can increase knowledge. Social capital has a few key features. First feature was social capital can accumulate stock where it will give various benefits. According to Westendorp Biggs, social capital comprises more than a social organisation or social capital values. Social can improve output with improve productivity activity. Apart from that, social capital could reduce cost if work together. People will be having confidence to invest in collective activities (Pretty, 2003). Pretty and Ward 2001; Pretty, 2002 cited in Pretty, 2003 stress four aspects that can be ensured in social capital. Among them was the relationship of trust, reciprocity and exchanges, common rules, norms and sanction and connectedness, network and group. 2.4 Impact of Social Capital to Agriculture According to Bourdieu (1983) cited in Wolz, Fritzsch, Reinsberg (2004), people can change social capital to other types of capital like physical capital when obtain social capital through purposeful action. However, it takes a long time to see the result of investment on social capital. Social capital also able generates profit in economic (POSPÄÅ ¡CH SPÄÅ ¡Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚  Nà , 2011). This is because actors have various networks of personal ties. When actor has many networks, it can help them market their productivity agriculture. Apart from that, social capital also produced innovation on agriculture. According to Westendorp Biggs, the natural resources innovation system in Nepal increased and it exceeded over their expectation. In the development of agriculture sector and urban and rural area, social capital perceived as readiness and capacity to work together. In this study, it covers case such as watersheds, irrigation management, and integrated pest management strategies. This concept has become solution of problems faced by modern society, socioeconomic and political development. (D.Parthasarathy, V.K.Chopde). Apar

Essays --

Cloud seeding is a branch of geoengineering and weather modification that deals with the precipitation that occurs from clouds. Practitioners of cloud seeding techniques attempt to directly affect the levels of precipitation that will occur from a cloud in hopes to either cause more precipitation or alter the behavior and effects of clouds and storm systems. Cloud seeding works by lacing clouds with particles that promote condensation of water molecules. Precipitation will only occur if water molecules become large enough to escape the force of updraft building the cloud. The water molecules condense around solid and liquid particles known as nuclei. (1-WSText7CldF) which are abundant in the atmosphere. Nuclei are grouped into two categories, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice forming nuclei (IN). CCNs will cause water vapor condensation both above and below the freezing point of water, while INs only create ice crystals at temperatures below the freezing point. (1-WSText) Clouds with temperatures above the freezing point of water, known as warm clouds, form precipitation through the collision-coalescence process (2-WSText7Precip) Droplets of water collide with each other and coalesce to form larger droplets of water which in turn collide with other water droplets. Once they get large enough, the water droplets become rain. Clouds that have temperatures below the freezing point are considered cold clouds and produce precipitation through the Bergeron-Findeisen process (2-WSText7Precip). The Bergeron-Findeisen process says that ice crystals form at the expense of supercooled water. Ice crystals grow because the supercooled water vapor are attracted to the crystals. The Ice crystals have a lower saturation vapor pressure tha... ...ium chloride. The salts attract water vapor and droplets to coalesce and collide, forming larger particles that eventually become precipitation. Instead of spraying the nucleating agent into the cloud like with the static seeding method, researchers fire off flares with salts in them. This method is used to seed clouds in South Africa and Mexico, both of which have shown positive results. Analyzed results of experiments in South Africa shown that hygroscopic seeded clouds developed larger rain masses than those that were not seeded and they kept the total level of rain for longer than non seeded clouds (4-WMODCol). Researchers from the National Center for Atmospheric Research claimed there to be a significant enhancment in precipitation over a 3 year experiemnt in Northern Mexico ((6-WSText7RainM) The final method of cloud seeding is the dynamic method of seeding.

A Wireless Communication

5G is a wireless communication and it is updated version from 4G, but it has higher speed reach to 10Gbps. : 1GThe first generation appeared in the early 1980s. Its data rate is 4.2 kbps. It has a lot of flaws Like :Store and listen to voice calls through a third party[1].: 2GThe second generation emerged in the late 1990s. Its data rate reaches 64 kbps. It has many features such as: long battery life for low-power radio signals and many services such as SMS and e-mail[1].:3GThis generation emerged in late 2000. It transmits data at up to 2 Mbps. It has been improved in an unconventional way to maintain and provide quality services. One of its advantages is that it has many amenities such as global roaming and sound quality but requires more power compared to the second generation[1].3.75G:LTE and the worldwide microwave interface Access (WIMAX) is the future of mobile data services. LTE and WIMAX constant has the ability to providing facilities for a large number of users to access a wide range of high speed services Such as on-demand video, and peer-to-peer file sharing Composite Web Services. It also allows operators to manage their network in a very homogeneous manner and provide better coverage while improving it to perform at a lower cost[1].4G:The fourth generation is generally referred to as the scion of 3G and second generation standards. It transfers amenities such as voice, data, and multimedia to subscribersEverywhere and at higher data rates than in previous generations[1].What is 5G ?5G is a combination or amalgamation of all previous Generations that are 2G, 3G, 4G and Wi-Fi with higher capabilities in terms of coverage and reliability. It converges these technologies to increase number of devices and calls and promises in providing higher coverage, availability and M2M service[2].

The Constitution and Slavery essays

The Constitution and Slavery essays 1.The Constitution never mentions the word "slave" or "slavery." Whenever the subject arises, other words are used ("such Persons," "other Persons," "Persons held to Service or Labour"). Why do you think the framers avoided these words? The framers of the Constitution avoided the word slave or slavery because they were trying to avoid the divisive nature of the topic in order to obtain ratification. There were already too many issues to resolve and slavery would likely have promoted a breakdown in the negotiations. For starters, the notion of a centralized government threatened some of the former British colonists. Thus, fair representation became an important issue to agree upon and this was worked out through basing the House of Representatives on population and the Senate on a fixed number of members from each state. However, the South was too dependent on slavery to support its agricultural economy and would not be willing to give up the source of labor it needed to support it. With the threat of three southern states leaving the convention if slave trade was banned, the issue was pushed out until 1808. 2.Some 19th century opponents of slavery considered the Constitution a pro-slavery document. Do you agree? Explain. The Constitution was a pro-slavery document. While, some might view the three-fifths clause as a major step forward in recognizing the slave as a person, what it really did was give the South the representation it needed to hold on to the slave trade. With the Souths increased representation in Congress and the electoral college, Southern slave owners won 12 of the first 16 presidential elections. And, the Constitution kept the slave trade legal for twenty years, allowing for an increase in the number of slaves being brought into the country. Further, the fugitive slave clause protected the ability of slave owners to treat the slaves as property by requiring the return of...

Combat-Support Air Operations Essays

Combat-Support Air Operations Essays Combat-Support Air Operations Essay Combat-Support Air Operations Essay Q. What are Combat Support Air Operations? ANS: Combat-Support Air Operations 1. Combat Support air operations provide support in air operations to deploy and operate operations of an airbase and the linked services. Air Combat support is essential to the delivery of other warfare functions and may also support and enhance the capability of inter related elements from the deep or ground forces or other agencies. Combat Support capabilities include the provision of aircraft and civil engineering, logistics, airport facilities, workforce and health facilities. A successful combat support air operation relies greatly on personnel interoperability achieved through appropriate training. Under mention are some of the combat support air operations substantiating the significance of these operations. Search and Rescue Operations 2. Search and Rescue operations really have evolved to great extent in the modern days. With its speed and coverage, the aircraft can search large areas previously unreachable or difficult to reach over by any mean. 3. Also referred to as combat search and rescue (CSAR) operation uses aircraft usually helicopters to locate and rescue personnel in distress and, in particular, to recover aircrew who have abandoned their aircraft. CSAR operations contribute to the prosecution of the air campaigns by: (a) Denying the enemy a potential source of intelligence (b) Promoting high morale amongst aircrew . Today special versions of aircrafts and helicopters are used for the search and rescue purpose like H-60 in the search and rescue mode and occasionally used special operations versions of the Sikorsky CH-53 Stallion heavy-lift helicopter in the rescue role. Heavily modified versions of the CH-53 are also used for this mission. Equipped with the latest in navigation and sensor gear, they can fly deep behind enemy lines to rescue downed airmen. They were used to rescue a downed F -117 stealth fighter pilot in Yugoslavia in 1999, rescue pilots in the Persian Gulf War and to rescue F-16 pilot Scott OGrady when he was shot down over Bosnia in 1995. Surveillance and Reconnaissance 5. In conflict and war strategic and tactical reconnaissance missions are vital for timely information exploitation. Surveillance and reconnaissance is an observation of air, space, surface, or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means. Surveillance is a continuing process, not oriented to a specific target, while reconnaissance looks for specific information and generally has a time constraint. It is the acquisition, processing, analysis, fusion, exploitation and dissemination of accurate, timely, relevant and assured information to provide the battle space awareness essential to successful planning and conduct of operations. It integrates capabilities from all components and sources to increase the flexibility, effectiveness, and responsiveness of coalition forces by reducing uncertainties in the decision-making process. Air and space forces will be involved in the collection of information, and play a key role in its analysis and dissemination. Equally, accurate post-attack reconnaissance and battle damage assessment are essential, not only to determine whether to mount further attacks, but also for assessing the likely impact of the results achieved and the process also known as combat assessment. 6. 1996, Canberra PR9 detachment was sent to Zaire in support of Operation Purposeful. The aim was to provide high quality imagery to determine the location of refugees in central Africa, as part of a multi-national force which was being assembled for a perceived humanitarian aid mission to eastern Zaire. A reconnaissance intelligence cell formed part of the detachment, allowing rapid interpretation of the data and fast transmission. When non-governmental organizations reported large concentrations of refugees in the area the Canberra’s mounted searches, but their reconnaissance revealed far fewer refugees than reported. Thus the mooted multi-national force was deemed unnecessary and consequently was not deployed. Air transport 7. Air transport provides a facility to deploy forces, equipment and provide coverage quickly and over large distances. Transport is absolutely essential for armed forces with global commitments. The swift operation, supply or migration means the ability can compensate for a smaller force or lack of numbers. . Air transport operations can be conducted to provide strategic, operational and tactical level support for all types of sea, land and air forces. Following are the examples of air transport operations 8. Argentina started the war in Falkland and had a plan on how to defend the islands. The military dictatorship that governed the country at the time regarded the seizure of the Falklands as a political act to obtain a diplomatic bargaining position, and not as an act of war. Consequently they were taken by surprise when the United Kingdom responded and took back the islands. 9. In 1990 more than thousands of personnel were deployed During Operation Desert Storm by US Air force. They in turn were supported by thousands of their paisano throughout the Air Force who kept supplies, food, equipment, communications, information, plans, and medical support coming to them throughout the clash. In addition, thousands of medical personnel were deployed to Europe for support. 10. It was due to the Air Transport that Berlin sustained the winter of 1949. Therefore, air power was engaged in a mission with striking tactical blow. On other occasions such as Eritrea in 1984 and Sarajevo in 1993, air transport has been the dominant role for air power. 11. Airlift. Airlift is the ability to transport personnel and equipment through the air. Airlift offers a high degree of speed, range, and flexibility. Airlift allows commanders to respond and operate in a wide variety of situations and time frames that would be unfeasible through other modes of transportation. Airlift is defined by the nature of the mission i. . (a)Special operations support (b)Combat employment and re supply (c) Passenger and cargo movement, (d) Aero medical evacuation 12. Air refueling. Air refueling allows air assets to rapidly reach any trouble spot around the world with less dependence on forward staging bases. Air refueling extends the range, consignment, time-on-task and suppleness of aircraft. The refueling of an aircraft in-flight by another aircraft supports the military strategy across the spectrum of conflict, from peacetime operations to nuclear war. It can be used to support all categories of air operation. Still, air refueling significantly expands the force options available to a commander by increasing the range, payload, loiter time, and flexibility of other Aircraft. US strike on Iraq and NATO operations in Afghanistan both had support of air refueling for rapid reach and timely deployment. 13. Airdrop. Airdrop allows commanders to contrive forces and material directly into otherwise unreachable areas including those behind enemy lines. However, airdrop requires extensive training, management, dedicated equipment, ropes, and suitable drop zones. This delivery method can be successful in accommodating and vague environments. 14. Air land. Many times air lifters offload their payloads after they have landed. This method is usually preferred because it minimizes the risk of injury to personnel, eliminates payload dispersal and reduces damage to equipment, and offers an increased availability of resources. This method requires convenient locations. Electronic Warfare Support 15. Electronic Warfare (EW) can be used to disrupt the enemy’s command and control links and facilities, his electromagnetic surveillance capabilities, his electromagnetic acquisition and targeting capabilities and his electronic combat capabilities. Airborne operations often take place well beyond the range of some intelligence assets, which otherwise could support the airborne force. EW operations involve the military use of electronics to determine, exploit, reduce or prevent the hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the actions taken by friendly forces to ensure they are still able to use it effectively. Military intelligence units provide the airborne force with teams for interrogation, EW, and signals intelligence collection as well as CI support. They also provide a key part of the system designed to quickly collect, analyze, and disseminate information to the airborne force. Electronic warfare is increasingly important to the success of all types of military operations. Specialist manned aircraft and unmanned air vehicles for EW support may be critical factors in support of air operations within the joint campaign. EW operations can be divided into three main roles: (a)Electronic Protection Measures. Electronic protection measures (EPM) involve active and passive measures taken to ensure the friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite an opponent’s use of electronic warfare techniques. (b)Electronic countermeasures. Electronic countermeasures (ECM) involve the use of electromagnetic or directed energy to attack personnel, facilities and equipment with the intent of preventing or reducing an opponent’s effective use of the electromagnetic Spectrum three sub-categories of ECM are, Electronic jamming, Electronic neutralization and Electronic deception. (c)Electronic support measures. Electronic support measures (ESM) involve action taken to search for, intercept, identify and locate radiated electromagnetic energy to provide electronic warning and surveillance data for the commander. ESM are passive and therefore available for use in peace, crisis and war. 16. A fleet of Boeing E-3A Sentry Airborne Warning Control System (AWACS) aircraft operated by NATO, provides the Alliance with an immediately available airborne Command Control (C2), air and maritime surveillance and battle space management capability. NATO Air Base (NAB) Gelsenkirchen, Germany is home to 17 E-3A aircraft. The NE-3A is a modified Boeing 707 equipped with long-range radar and passive sensors capable of detecting air and surface contacts over large distances. The plot-extracted track data can be transmitted directly from the aircraft to other users on land, sea or in the air. NATO AWACS performs a unique and valuable role for the Alliance by conducting a wide range of diverse missions such as air policing, counter-terrorism, consequence management, Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEO), embargo, initial entry, crisis response and demonstrative force operations. In recent years, the force has been increasingly deployed on complex and demanding tactical missions, including support to maritime operations, Close Air Support (CAS), airspace management, Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR), disaster relief, counter piracy and numerous others. Since it commenced flying operations in 1982, the NAEW Force has proven to be a key asset in crisis-management and peace-support operations. Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, aircraft from NATOs AWACS Component deployed to eastern Turkey to help reinforce NATOs southern flank during the war. Operation ANCHOR GUARD included monitoring air and sea traffic in the eastern Mediterranean and providing airborne surveillance along the Iraqi-Turkish border. The mission was conducted from August 1990 to March 1991. Aero Medical Evacuation (AME) 17. Aero medical evacuation is the rapid transportation of sick or injured personnel under medical supervision to appropriate medical care. Movement of patients normally requires specially qualified aero medical crewmembers to accompany the patient, special air traffic control considerations to comply with patient driven altitude and pressurization restrictions, and special aircraft systems medical equipment. 18. More than one million patients were successfully moved by air during World War II. During World War II the U. S. armed forces had their first extensive experience with aero medical mass departure, in which 712,000 Americans were wounded i. e. almost four times of the number in World War I. Because unbearable wounds or illnesses frequently occurred in remote areas very far from modern medical facilities and soldiers and airmen often required aero medical evacuation. Even in Western Europe, aero medical evacuation offered both medical and logistical advantages. Unusual Operations Support 19. Provision of airdrop support to special operations for mutual training, contingencies, operations other than war, and other missions. Since there are a limited number of airlift assets dedicated, therefore while performing special operations missions, highly trained airlift crews normally act as an integral member of a larger joint package. Extensive planning, coordination, and training are required to minimize risk. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses 20. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) is any activity that destroys, neutralizes or temporarily degrades an opponent’s surface-based air defenses by destructive or disruptive means. SEAD missions are also flown to maintain the degree of control of the air which is required and SEAD is depending on the level of SAM and AAA threat, however, SEAD operations may also be important as a combat support mission type. SEAD may be an essential pre-cursor to strategic and ant surface air action and may be achieved electronically, by air action or by land and maritime artillery. Composite Air Operations 21. Composite Air Operations (COMAO) is the combination of aircraft into force packages to concentrate combat power and achieve force protection. Force packaging considerations particularly in coalition operations require knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the forces available.

Gore & Associates case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gore & Associates case - Research Paper Example In this case, the organization is divided into decision-making entities and affording them powers to undertake routine forms of decisions with respect to the operations of those entities (Grindle, 2007). This paper will look into the W. L. Gore & Associates radical approach of devolving decision making to the lowest levels of its organization. In decentralization, methodical efforts are made to give power to subordinate levels. The delegation of power in decentralization is not from one person to another but to each entity in an establishment (Grindle, 2007). An organization is deemed extremely decentralized, when entrustment is company-wide within all divisions and functions. Decentralization differ from centralization since in centralization, decision-making power rests on one individual only. Additionally, centralization is a type of traditional supervision in India whereas decentralization is a standard practice in professional management (Burton & Obel, 1995). Everything, which attempts to upsurge the significance of subordinate’s duties is decentralization and everything, which reduces it is centralization (Burton & Obel, 1995). ... Therefore, devolution with respect to office may comprise departmentation of operations. When power is dispersed, devolution is present (Burton & Obel, 1995). The requirement for devolution is manipulated when the company develops in its scope, which demands broadening of office operations. Devolution ensues during decision formulating of routine kind but if verdicts are crucial, the power is not dispersed (Burton & Obel, 1995). The political factors technological development and accessibility of administrators also influence the extent of devolution. Devolution does not occur in its wholesome sense. There exists a combination of the two since some operations are integrated and some are devolved (Grindle, 2007). What are the strengths of this approach? Decentralization aids to enhance the quality of decision-making at top-level management. Decentralization of power among subordinates at each level within a firm releases the top management the excessive responsibilities saving them ti me to devote to more crucial and long-term glitches (Burton & Obel, 1995). This enhances the quality of top management decisions with respect to such problems. Devolution, therefore, provides top managers with chances of looking into other new methods of improving their companies by engaging in managerial forums (Grindle, 2007). The approach of devolving power to the lower levels in an organization accelerates diversification of operations in an organization. It is a subject of common knowledge that a company with departments upon the footing of its products accelerates diversification of market or products even when the power is centralized. Decentralization takes this procedure a footstep further.

Chinese politics and government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinese politics and government - Essay Example Key characteristics of the Leninist-Marxist Influence on the Chinese government include: 1. Inevitable goals and Philosophical absolutism. The Chinese communist regime claims to possess universal and absolute truth (Guo 110). Marx’s dialectic and historical materialism are the main source of the communist party’s declaration of inevitable goals and universal truths. 2. The communist party’s Leninist party-state official, paramount and exclusive ideology that serves to justify the CPC’s political actions and goals. (Guo 91-108) Confucianism The main philosophical base that shapes the traditional Chinese political history and culture is Confucianism. It is a philosophy that can arguably be described as being hostile to individualism and any autonomy on the part of the individual; instead it encourages the individual to make self sacrifices on behalf of the state. This is considered to be the highest ideal of citizenship (Guo 47-56). Confucianism started domi nating Chinese thought shortly after 200 BCE and it was generally the main Chinese orthodox ideology for a period of over 2000 years before 1911. Despite the changes to the social and political structure imposed by the communist government, many Confucian ideas still remain and play a prime role in influencing Modern China’s main political culture (Guo 47-56). Influence of Russian Communism The inspiration for the formation of the Chinese Communist Party (CPP) came from the Russian Revolt. The party was formed by Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu in June 1921. Mao Zedong quickly became the most important member of the newly formed CPP and he adapted ideas that Lenin had used to achieve a successful revolution in Russian in the year 1917 (Guo 59-62). The May 4th Movement Due to the influence of the Chinese October Revolution, the May 4th Movement quickly came. The movement sprang up on May 4th 1919 and was in protest of the government’s perceived feeble reaction to the Treaty of Versailles; this is especially in the light of the Shandong problem. The movement had anti-feudal and anti-imperialist principles and set the stage for the continuous funding of the Communist Party of China. This is as a result of Marxism-Leninism ideologies linking themselves with the ongoing revolutionary practices of the people of China. Effect of Foreign Invasion and Historical Trauma The Communist Chinese government adopted the principle of â€Å"taking what is best† from the outside world during the 19th and 20th centuries. This was done in an effort to import only the positive things from the Western world while keeping out of China all the influences that they perceived as having a humiliating or weakening effect on China. This was especially manifested between 1946 and the late 1970s when mainland China was nearly closed to much of the outside world. The negative feelings that China derived from its foreign contact are still evident and linger under the surface in m odern day China. Similarities and Differences in Organization, Ideology and Power in Contemporary and Traditional China. Throughout the history of China, there has been a continuous emphasis centered on the maintaining and creation of order via the establishment of a benevolent authority that is usually perceived as playing what is considered to be a central role in